Establishment of Optimal Conditions to Extract Bioactive Substances from Gamazumi Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Kumiko Sato
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Takayuki Saito
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Akira Hasegawa
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Yoshihiro Kadoma
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Marina Kobune
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Yoshio Sato
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Satomi Kawaguchi
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Ayumi Yamamoto
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Kazuyuki Furuya
Mechanical and Medical Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan.
Takanori Nakamura
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan.
Yu F. Sasaki *
Material and Biological Engineering Course, Department of Industrial Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe, Japan and Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The fruits of Gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum THUNB) have been previously reported to suppress the adverse effects of oxidative stress in rats. To reduce time and cost, we attempted to establish optimal conditions for extracting bioactive components from Gamazumi fruits using supercritical carbon dioxide. To verify whether the conventional hexane extraction may be replaced by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, component analysis results and antigenotoxic potential in mice were used to compare bioactivity of the supercritical carbon dioxide and hexane extracts.
At the same extraction pressure, the extraction rate was maximized when supercritical carbon dioxide with a low temperature was used, and extraction efficiency was improved. GC/MS analysis revealed that vitamins E and stigmasterols were included in supercritical carbon dioxide and hexane extracts, and that no qualitative differences between supercritical carbon dioxide and hexane extracts were observed. The antigenotoxic potential of Gamazumi extracts was studied in mice exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation. Mice received single or 5 consecutive oral administrations of Gamazumi extracts at 0, 3, and 6 h prior to smoke inhalation. Although single administration decreased nuclei tail length in the stomach when both administration and the intervals of smoke inhalation were short, five consecutive administrations decreased tail length in the lung and stomach regardless of the interval. At short intervals, inhaled cigarette smoke and orally administered extracts may be simultaneously present in the gastric cavity, and direct reaction between cigarette smoke and extract is possible. The antioxidant activity of Gamazumi extracts may result in antigenotoxic potential. There were no differences in component analysis and antigenotoxic potential between supercritical carbon dioxide and hexane extracts of Gamazumi; thus, it is possible to replace the conventional hexane extraction with the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
Keywords: Gamazumi, supercritical carbon dioxide extract, hexane extract, antogenotoxic potential, smoking, comet assay, antioxidant potential