Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti- Salmonella paratyphi Activities of Cameroonian Plant Based Formulations and Conventional Drugs Resistant Patterns
T. R. Tikum
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Bamenda, Cameroon P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
N. S. Menyen
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Bamenda, Cameroon P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
P. V. Tsouh
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, Cameroon, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
G. N. Teke *
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Bamenda, Cameroon, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Enteric fever caused by Salmonella paratyphi is endemic in tropical areas and is a public health concern. This is due in part to the widespread use of antibiotics in the community, often without a prescription or without proper supervision. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidant potential and susceptibility/resistance patterns of Salmonella paratyphi to plant-based formulations. The plant-based formulations, African panaxia (P1) and Body Disease Killer (P2), were analysed for phytochemicals and assayed for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The MIC and the MBC were also determined using the broth microdilution method. A resistance index was used to assess the activity of the formulations relative to the reference drugs. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22 and significant differences were considered at p≤0.05. Both plant based products contained bioactive secondary plant metabolites with phenols having the highest content (1.02± and 0.859± mg GAE/g for P1 and P2 respectively). The extracts exhibited radical scavenging activity (RSa), with RSa50 values of 73.59 and 44.50 mg/ml for Products P1 and P2 respectively. P2 formulation (Body Disease Killer) had a significantly similar bacterial growth-inhibitory effect (13.79 ± 3.56a mm zone of inhibition) to that of ceftriaxone (15.55 ± 6.92a mm) but with a higher resistance rate (38.46%). P1 formulation (African panaxia) had 11.00 ± 2.62b mm and amoxicillin gave 10.68 ± 5.02b mm, which were comparable. The MIC value for BDK was 0.64 mg/ml and 5.12 mg/ml for African panaxia. The MIC values for ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cefixime and ceftriaxone were <0.0039 mg/ml while amoxicillin had 0.0156 mg/ml. The overall resistance of S. paratyphi isolates to the standard drugs was 76.92%. The resistance rates to conventional antibiotics were 0 and 100% for ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin, respectively. These plant-based formulations were rich in phenols and possessed antioxidant and antiparatyphoid activities. Most of the Salmonella paratyphi isolates were resistant.
Keywords: Salmonella paratyphi, plant-based formulations, phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, antimicrobial resistance